Using the volumes of oral histories, taped conversations, and archival documents, historians have pieced together competing (but not mutually exclusive) narratives of this decade’s political economy ( Gettleman and Mermelstein 1966 Levitan 1969 Ginzberg and Solow 1974 Davies 1996 Gillette 1996 O’Connor 2001 Germany 2007 Orleck and Hazirjian 2011 Caro 1982, 2002, 2012). These programs more than tripled real federal expenditures on health, education, and welfare, which grew to over 15 percent of the federal budget by 1970 ( Ginzberg and Solow 1974).
Over the next five years, Congress passed legislation that transformed American schools, launched Medicare and Medicaid, and expanded housing subsidies, urban development programs, employment and training programs, food stamps, and Social Security and welfare benefits. Johnson asked Congress to declare an “unconditional war on poverty” and to aim “not only to relieve the symptom of poverty, but to cure it and, above all, to prevent it” (1965).
In his first State of the Union address in January 1964, President Lyndon B.
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